|
| |
End Notes for:
Perforating for Heavy Oil Cold Production In North West
Saskatchewan and North East Alberta, Canada
by Kirby Hayes,
1. Cold Cold production is a relatively new production
technique. It is subjected to the cyclic market conditions of heavy oil. As such, it has
not had the opportunity, in some situations, to establish or apply, what might be deemed,
as good engineering or science.
2. It is important to notice whether API
specifications are being compared to API. There is significant differences between API
specifications and QC specifications. QC specs are not necessarily comparable due to the
difference between QC testing targets and test designs.
3. Reversing Reversing sand control strategies to
enhance cold production is a way to apply sand control literature and techniques to cold
production put forward by S. Tariq. In his presentation, he noted N. Morita, SPE 16989,
1997 and Santarelli, SPE 22797, 1991 theoretical models indicated higher shot densities
led to more sanding, Morita also indicated a smaller EHD is more unstable and Santarelli
observed that sand production risk is unaffected by perforation depth. Veeken, et al, SPE
22792, 1991 saw in his field measurements that erosion was the primary mechanism in sand
production and fluid velocity was the main factor in this phenomena.
4. 50%BH 50%BH and 50%DP
5. It is
imperative It is
imperative that most of these carriers be shot in fluid to avoid splitting
6. It was It was previously an
accepted practice to reduce the fluid head to an under balanced level before perforating,
shoot the first carrier experience inflow and proceed with the subsequent perforating runs
thinking they would still be subjected to the same under balanced situation as the first
run.
7. The fear of bottom water became less as
drainage geometry and water encroachment became better understood.
8. It is not It is not recommended to use wire line
conveyance when 127mm carrier lengths exceed 4m. The shock of detonation and the greater
mass of these carriers often times creates enough momentum to exceed the weak point of the
cable head.
9. A line A line truck is not required but a previously
recorded correlation log is.
10. See re- See re- perforating section
11. Recent Recent studies into casing damage are being
conducted by Wascana, Husky Oil, Noetic Engineering and C-FER.
12. There have been cases where wells have been
perforated and re-perforated several times until the casing has been shot to 91 SPM using
BH and EBH charges.
13. This This study attempted to normalize geology and
pay thickness
14. It is It is conceivable that the completion
strategy chosen, after reviewing all the considerations listed, may well be different from
the one being recommended here.
Bibliography
- S.Chugh et al, Mainstream Options For Heavy
Oil Part 1
- S. Tariq, Big Shot 21 presentation
- Dusseault et al, Practical Requirements for Cold
Production
- G. E. King, Factors Effecting Perforating Charge
Performance
- A. Squires, Inter-well Tracer Results and Gel
Blocking Program
- M. B. Geilekman, M. B. Dusseault, Dynamics of
Wormholes and Enhancement of Fluid Production
- M. B. Geilekman et al, Dynamic Effects of Foamy Fluid
Flow in Sand Production Instability
- S. Solanki et al, Heavy Oil Reservoir
Mechanisms, Lindbergh and Frog Lake Fields, Alberta Part 1 and
- G. E. King, Casing Crush Resistance Loss to High
Density Perforating
- W. K. Godfrey et al, Casing Damage Caused by
Jet Perforating
- G. E. King, Casing Crush Resistance Loss to High
Density Perforating
- D. Brownlee, Chemical Stimulation in Heavy Oil
Wells
- Wai Ma, Chem Frac Results Update
Acknowledgements
Editorial suggestions by:
Dr. Franklin Foster, Lakeland College
Chris Wallin, Wascana
Greg Calpas, Husky
Jordan Wiess, Arco
Dave Metcalfe, Explosives Limited
Brett Davidson, Subterranean Technologies
|
